The purpose of this anthology is a better understanding of the many different developments of physical education and school sport after almost two decades of the 21st century and a comparison of the current status of physical education and school sport (PESS) across countries in Europe. For better comparisons of the different unique developments between the European countries a basic set of eight criteria (A-H) have been identified for each chapter of a country review. This set of criteria includes: A. Important items of the current national school system (briefly on primary, secondary schools), B. Historical background and development of compulsory PESS (at least after World War II), C. Aims and objectives of current PESS curricula and teaching concepts of PESS, D. Promotion of active learning with physical activities at school, E. Extracurricular settings at school and current developments of physical activities of stakeholders outside schools in collaboration with schools and active communities, F. Purpose, structure, aims and objectives of PESS teacher training, G. Current research/evaluation items, findings and results of PESS studies in the country, H. Needs and items of new cross-border and EU-based PESS research studies. The book is divided into three parts. Part One includes general items of the development of PESS in Europe. The second part comprises about 20 different country reviews all written by national experts. Part Three documents a comparative analysis of the country reviews about health development and motor competences, psycho-social benefits of PE with support of cognitive growth and other common items of development, e.g. community-based networks of PESS and new challenges for PE teacher training.

Roland Naul helds office as a Senior Professor for European Studies in Physical Education and Youth Sport at the Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences at the University of Münster, Germany. For more than 30 years he worked as a Professor for Sport Science and Sport Pedagogy at the University of Essen, Germany. His main research area is physical education including Olympic education and youth sport development. He is Deputy President of the Willibald Gebhardt Research Institute (NGO) and General Secretary of CEREPS (Conseil Européen de la Recherche en Éducation Physique et Sportive). Claude Scheuer works at the University of Luxembourg for the research unit ECCS (Education, Culture, Cognition and Society) at the Institute of Applied Educational Sciences (AES. He teaches in the primary school teacher education program (BScE: Bachelor of Educational Sciences) after having worked before as a PE teacher in primary and secondary school for 13 years. His research is focused on basic motor competences of children and adolescents and on active school settings. Claude Scheuer is member of the board of the Luxembourgish teacher association (APEP) and since 2011 he has been the president of EUPEA (European Physical Education Association), which is the umbrella organization for more than 30 European PE teacher associations. In addition to this, he is the Vice Delegate for Luxembourg for FIEP Europe (Fédération Internationale de l'Education Physique) and since 2013 Executive Board Member in ICSSPE (International Council of School Sports and Physical Education). In 2015 Claude Scheuer co-founded CEREPS (Conseil Européen de la Recherche en Éducation Physique et Sportive) together with Professor Roland Naul.

Table of Contents Preface............................................. 8 Roland Naul Introduction...................................................................10 Roland Naul & Claude Scheuer PART A Historical Roots and Strands of Physical Education and School Sport Development in Europe.......................................22 Roland Naul & Claude Scheuer PART B Development and Research of Physical Education and School Sport in Europe.......................................37 CHAPTER ONE Physical Education and School Sport in Croatia............................................38 Vilko Petric, Iva Blaževic, Dario Novak CHAPTER TWO Physical Education and School Sport in the Czech Republic.....................59 Ludmila Fialova CHAPTER THREE Research on Physical Education and School Sport in Finland...................90 Arja Saakslahti CHAPTER FOUR Germany: Home of Curricular and Extra-Curricular School Sport.......... 106 Roland Naul, Heinz Aschebrock, David Niehues, Till Utesch CHAPTER FIVE Physical Education and School Sport in Greece...........................................155 Manolis Adamakis, Aspasia Dania CHAPTER SIX Sport, Physical Activity and Physical Education in the Republic of Ireland......................... 190 Fiona C. Chambers, Thomas Vermes CHAPTER SEVEN Physical Education and School Sport in Italy...............................................210 Caterina Pesce, Anna Motta, Rosalba Marchetti & Mario Bellucci CHAPTER EIGHT Research on Physical Education and School Sport in Lithuania............ 253 Brigita Mieziene, Arunas Emeljanovas CHAPTER NINE Physical Education and School Sport in Luxembourg............................... 273 Claude Scheuer CHAPTER TEN Physical Education and School Sport in the Netherlands........................ 302 Jo Lucassen, Dorien Dijk CHAPTER ELEVEN Physical Education and School Sport in the Republic of North Macedonia.................................... 333 Biljana Popeska, Aleksandar Tufekcievski & Aleksandar Aceski CHAPTER TWELVE Physical Education and Sport Studies in Norway....................................... 361 Jorunn Spord Borgen, Kjersti Mordal Moen, Bjorg Oddrun Hallas, Knut Londal, Egil Galaaen Gjolme CHAPTER THIRTEEN Development of Physical Education and Sport Research in Poland...... 392 Michal Bronikowski, Dorota Groffik, Regina Kumala, Agata Glapa CHAPTER FOURTEEN Physical Education and School Sport in Portugal.......................................415 Marcos Onofre, Joao Costa, Joao Martins, & Ana. Quiterio CHAPTER FIFTEEN Physical Education and School Sport in Slovakia....................................... 447 Branislav Antala, Gabriela Luptakova CHAPTER SIXTEEN Physical Education and School Sport in Slovenia........................................471 Gregor Jurak, Gregor Starc, Marjeta Kovac CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Physical Education, School Sport and Sport Sciences in Spain.............. 493 Antonio Calderon, Jose Luis Arias-Estero, David Hortiguela, Monica Aznar, Antonio Fraile, Antonio Mendez-Gimenez, Javier Fernandez-Rio, Daniel N. Ardoy, Manuel Abreu, Javier Castejon, David Gutierrez Diaz del Campo, Luis M. Garcia-Lopez PART C Comparative Analysis of Physical Education and School Sport Development and Research in Europe............................... 520 Roland Naul & Claude Scheuer List of Authors................................................................... 545