TEFL in the 21st century First of all, teaching and learning English in the digital age means using digital tools in TEFL classrooms. This introduction exemplifies how to implement them in a meaningful way in combination with reliable methods (for additional practice-oriented teaching and learning suggestions see: https://www.deflorio.de/blog. A further important aspect of digitization is teaching and learning about media. Teachers have to create and deploy opportunities that allow students to develop a critical stance toward media in general and digital media in particular. This introduction to TEFL shows that the rapidly increasing influences of digitization lead to more internationalized and globalized science-based approaches to teaching and learning English. In this perspective, digitization offers an opportunity to rethink and reshape didactic concepts.

Professor Dr. Inez De Florio-Hansen lehrte seit 1996 als Universitätsprofessorin für Romanistik/Fremdsprachenlehr- und -lernforschung an der Universität Kassel und ist emeritiert.

Introductory remarks 9 Part 1: Basic issues of TEFL 1. Introduction: Fremdsprachendidaktik and Foreign Language Pedagogy 11 1.1 The aims of Fremdsprachendidaktik 12 1.2 The contributions of Sprachlehrforschung to Foreign Language Teaching 16 2 Scientific disciplines related to Foreign Language Teaching (Bezugswissenschaften) 20 2.1 General remarks: Allgemeine Didaktik 21 2.2 Processes of learning EFL 23 2.3 Processes of teaching EFL 27 2.4 Contributions to content aspects of TEFL 32 3. Research methods 42 3.1 Research design and research methodology 43 3.2 A conventional differentiation: qualitative and quantitative research methods 45 3.3 Further approaches: descriptive and explanatory research 48 3.4 Evidence-based research and meta-analyses 53 4 Communicative Competence and Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) 61 4.1 The occurrence of CLT 62 4.2 The development of CLT in Germany 62 4.3 The development of CLT in the English-speaking countries 64 4.4 Further influences of CLT 66 4.5 Trivializations and misunderstandings 67 5 Implementing CLT: issues of methodology 73 5.1 Approach, strategy/method and technique 74 5.2 Implementing CLT in TEFL classrooms 77 6 Official recommendations: Council of Europe and European Centre for Modern Languages 98 6.1 Relevant aims of the Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Centre for Modern Languages (ECML) 99 6.2 Threshold Level, Common European Framework of Reference and the Companion Volume with New Descriptors 101 6.3 The European Language Portfolio 109 7 Official studies and guidelines: Standing Conference (KMK) and affiliated institutions 118 7.1 From PISA to DESI 119 7.2 KMK-Standards and the Institute for Quality Development in Education (IQB) 126 7.3 KMK Strategy-Paper: Education in the digital world 137 Part 2: Learners and teachers in the context of digitization 8 Successful learners 143 8.1 Learning styles 144 8.2 Learning models 147 8.3 Motivation and interest 153 8.4 Digital natives and computer competence 157 9 Being a better teacher 163 9.1 Teaching styles and subjective theories 164 9.2 Fundamental preconditions: classroom management and classroom climate 170 9.3 A major challenge: inclusion and heterogeneity 175 10 Teacher education in the digital age 180 10.1 Digital immigrants 181 10.2 Pre- and in-service training 187 10.3 KMK requirements for teaching in the digital world 193 Part 3: Practical issues of TEFL 11 Th e interplay between reliable methods and digital media 197 11.1 Computer, Internet, and digitization: a brief overview 198 11.2 Th e integration of digital tools into TEFL classrooms 201 11.3 Th e interdependence between analogical and digital knowledge, skills and attitudes 228 12 From language to literature: Intercultural Discourse Competence 230 12.1 Plea for an integrated view 231 12.2 From Communicative Competence to Intercultural Discourse Competence 232 12.3 ICD: the power of language 241 12.4 ICD: the power of cultures 243 12.5 ICD: the power of literature 245 13 A teaching model as starting point 250 13.1 The MET – a science-oriented teaching model 251 13.2 Planning and starting the lesson 255 13.3 Presenting knowledge and skills – assertive questioning 259 13.4 Guided and independent practice 262 13.5 Cooperative and project-based learning 268 14 Feedback: formative assessment 275 14.1 Newer research into feedback 276 14.2 Formative feedback given by teachers to students 282 14.3 Formative peer feedback 288 14.4 Feedback given by students to teachers 290 15 Feedback: summative assessment 296 15.1 Formative and summative assessment: common features of feedback 297 15.2 Summative assessment: general traits 298 15.3 Guidelines, regulations and laws 299 15.4 Suggestions for meaningful summative assessment 304 Conclusion: simple, unexpected, concrete, credible, emotional and narrative 310 References 311 Glossary 329