The elements in group 17 (VIlA) of the periodic table of elements-fluorine (F), chlorine (CI), bromine (Br), and iodine (I)-were designated by Berzelius as "halogens" (Greek hals, sea salt; gennao, I beget) because of their propensity to form salts. In this first of the two volumes of Bio chemistry of the Halogens, the biochemistry of the elemental halogens and inorganic halides is reviewed. Discovery, properties, and biochemistry of the elemental halogens are reviewed first (Chapter 1). This is followed by a review of the developments in the various areas of inorganic halide biochemistry (Chapters 2 through 5). The biochemistry of thyroid hor mones is considered in Chapter 6, while biohalogenation, an important link between inorganic and organic halogen biochemistry, is reviewed in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 covers the biochemistry of products produced by human-inspired halogenation, in particular, poly halogenated compounds that present environmental problems. In Chapter 9, the process is reversed and biodehalogenation is reviewed. In each subject, the attempt has been made to find an appropriate balance between depth and breadth of treatment, since a thorough, in depth review of this field would not be possible in a single volume. To provide readers not familiar with subjects with the necessary background to place subsequent discussions in perspective, brief historical develop ments of many of the topics are given.

Inhaltsangabe1. The Halogens: Discovery, Occurrence, and Biochemistry of the Free Elements.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Fluorine.- 1.2.1 Isolation of Fluorine.- 1.2.2 Properties.- 1.2.3 Industrial Production and Uses of Fluorine.- 1.2.4 Biochemistry and Toxicology.- 1.3 Chlorine.- 1.3.1 Isolation of Chlorine.- 1.3.2 Properties.- 1.3.3 Industrial Production and Uses of Chlorine Gas.- 1.3.4 Biochemistry and Toxicology of Elemental Chlorine.- 1.3.5 Water Chlorination.- 1.4 Bromine.- 1.4.1 Isolation of Bromine.- 1.4.2 Industrial Production and Uses of Bromine.- 1.4.3 Biochemistry and Toxicology.- 1.5 Iodine.- 1.5.1 Isolation of Iodine.- 1.5.2 Industrial Production and Uses of Iodine.- 1.5.3 Biochemistry and Toxicology.- 1.6 Summary.- References.- 2. Biochemistry of Inorganic Fluoride.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Occurrence and Distribution of Inorganic Fluoride.- 2.3 Biological Uptake, Distribution, and Metabolism of Inorganic Fluoride.- 2.4 Overview of Effects of Fluoride on Enzyme Activity.- 2.5 Inhibition of 2-Phospho-D-Glycerate Hydrolase (Enolase).- 2.5.1 Properties of Enolase.- 2.5.2 Fluoride Inhibition of Enolase: Dependence on Inorganic Phosphate.- 2.5.3 Cation Requirements for Enolase.- 2.5.4 Interaction of Fluoride with Enzyme-Bound Metal.- 2.5.5 Synergistic Binding of Fluoride and Phosphate to the Enzyme-Metal Complex.- 2.5.6 Substrate-Dependent Inhibition of Yeast Enolase in the Absence of Pi.- 2.6 Inhibition of Inorganic Pyrophosphatase.- 2.6.1 Bakers' Yeast Pyrophosphatase: Mg2+ and Substrate-Dependent Inhibition by Fluoride.- 2.6.2 Metal Binding Sites and Fluoride Inhibition.- 2.6.3 Biological Significance of Inhibition of Inorganic Pyrophosphatase by Fluoride.- 2.7 Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterases and Butyrylcholinesterase.- 2.8 Inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-Dependent ATPase (ATP Phosphohydrolase) by Fluoride-Influence of Aluminum.- 2.9 Stimulation of ATP Pyrophosphate-Lyase (Cyclizing) (Adenylate Cyclase).- 2.9.1 Mechanism of Hormonal Activation of Adenylate Cyclase.- 2.9.2 Effects of Fluoride on Adenylate Cyclase Activation and Deactivation.- 2.10 Stimulation of Photoreceptor Phosphodiesterase I by Fluoride.- 2.10.1 G-Proteins and the Visual Process.- 2.10.2 Effect of GTP and of Fluoride on Subunit Dissociation and on Tranducin GTPase Activity.- 2.10.3 Mechanism of Fluoride-Induced Activation of cGMP Phosphodiesterase.- 2.11 Stimulation of Polyphosphoinositide Phosphodiesterase by Fluoride.- 2.11.1 GTP Analogues and Fluoride Stimulate PPI-pde Activity.- 2.11.2 Cellular Effects of Fluoride and PPI-pde Stimulation.- 2.12 Additional Regulatory Proteins That Interact with Fluoride.- 2.13 Effects of Fluoride on Cellular Function.- 2.13.1 Effect of Fluoride on Platelet Function.- 2.13.2 Effect of Fluoride on Neutrophil Function.- 2.13.3 Effect of Fluoride on Protein Synthesis.- 2.14 In Vivo Toxicity of Fluoride.- 2.15 Effects of Fluoride on Mineralized Tissue.- 2.15.1 Introduction.- 2.15.2 Biochemistry of Mineralized Tissue-An Overview.- 2.15.3 Uptake of Fluoride by Bone.- 2.15.4 Fluorosis.- 2.15.5 Fluoride in the Treatment of Osteoporosis.- 2.15.6 Fluoride in Dental Tissue.- 2.16 Biochemistry of Inorganic Fluoride-Summary.- References.- 3. Biochemistry of Inorganic Chloride.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Transport of Chloride Through Cell Membranes.- 3.2.1 Transmembrane Transport Mechanisms.- 3.2.2 Classification of Chloride Transport Mechanisms.- 3.3 Chloride Transport and Body Fluid Homeostasis.- 3.4 Chloride/Bicarbonate Cotransport in Erythrocyte Membrane.- 3.4.1 General Properties of Erythrocyte Anion Transport.- 3.4.2 Kinetics of Transport.- 3.4.3 Molecular Probes for the Erythrocyte Cl-/HCO3- Transport System.- 3.4.4 The Structure of Band 3 and Models for Anion Transport.- 3.4.5 Band 3 and Chloride Transport-Summary.- 3.5 Chloride/Cation Cotransport and Cell Volume Control.- 3.6 Chloride and Transepithelial Transport.- 3.6.1 Transepithelial Transport.- 3.6.2 Chloride Transport and Renal Function.- 3.7 Epithelial Chloride Secretion and Cysti